Talk:Pigeon pea

Oily versus non-oily

Some toor dal are sold oily (with castor oil) and some are sold without oil. What are the purposes, benefits, and drawbacks of adding (castor) oil to toor dal? 204.210.242.157 (talk) 01:29, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

Oil was traditionally added to preserve freshness for long storage. Many modern consumers will buy toor dal in small packets and will find the un-oiled version lasts long enough. The continued popularity of the traditional oiled style is sometimes said to be a matter of consumer habit rather than necessity.

In either case, the dal should be washed thoroughly before use. If this is done correctly, there should not be much difference in taste between the two preparations. Happydemic (talk) 14:26, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

disambiguation, Pidgeon peas in The UK

I visited this article to find out about pidgeon peas that are used in traditional British recipes. I have now discovered that these are actually varieties of the field pea, Pisum Sativum Arvense. Thet are known as pidgeon peas in Britain and possibly in other European countries as in modern times they are used primarily as pidgeon food for those who race these birds.

Source:

http://adambalic.typepad.com/the_art_and_mystery_of_fo/2007/02/left_maple_peas

It would seem ppropriate to include a clarification in this article 82.39.231.56 (talk) 15:39, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

Alternative names jumbled

1. Which of the names are used in English?
   1. Where?
2. What language are the non-English ones?
3. How about transliterations of those not in Latin script? DCDuring (talk) 04:31, 6 January 2014 (UTC)

Amino acids

Whoever claimed this has a significant amount of tryptophan is a danger to themselves and others. For someone who is bipolar, it is a nasty trick. You cannot make serotonin or B12 without tryptophan: Tryptophan 0.4g - Threonine 1.6g - Isoleucine 1.6g - Leucine 3.2g - Lysine 3.1g - Methionine 0.5g - Cystine 0.5g - Phenylalanine 3.8g - Tyrosine 1.1g - Valine 1.9g - Arginine 2.7g - Histidine 1.6g - Alanine 2g - Aspartic acid 4.4g - Glutamic acid 10.3g - Glycine 1.6g - Proline 2g - Serine 2.1g

For each gram of protein you eat, you should get 18 milligrams of histidine, 25 of isoleucine, methionine and cysteine, 55 of leucine, 51 of lysine, 47 of phenylalanine and tyrosine, 27 of threonine, 7 of tryptophan and 32 of valine, according to the Institute of Medicine.

If you eat 128 grams of protein each day, this amounts to a total of 2.3 grams of histidine, 3.2 of isoleucine, methionine and cysteine, 7 of leucine, 6.5 of lysine, 6 of phenylalanine and tyrosine, 3.5 of threonine, .9 of tryptophan and 4.1 of valine. http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/recommended-levels-essential-amino-acids-3649.html

nutrition comparison of mature/immature seeds

The nutrition comparison between mature/immature seed probably doesn't take into account the greater water content of the immature seed, in which case the comparison is meaningless. For the reader to have any confidence in the nutrition comparison, the chart should show the % water in each, or compare dry weights and state so. USDA needs correcting too, probably. Rtdrury (talk) 10:33, 23 March 2014 (UTC)

Common names

Toor Dal is one of the most widely consumed staple foods of India, but the name 'Pigeon pea' is entirely unknown. It is therefore essential that the names of this staple food in various vernaculars find prominent space on this page, so that people know what they are talking about. Someone removed the entire list of names a few days ago. That person clearly did not know the importance of the list of names; perhaps he thought it was a vanity list. That is not the case and I hope the importance of the list is understood. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 120.63.1.226 (talk) 06:25, 3 July 2019 (UTC)

Are you talking about the "Common Names section"? I'm not the one who removed it, and I'm not planning to, but I also don't understand why this is here, and why half of it is devoted to Indian languages. Listing all of the common English names makes sense, but no other plant page has a list of common names in so many other languages. Given that languages like Hindi have their own Wikipedias, I don't see the importance of translating it into Hindi here. Justin Kunimune (talk) 13:51, 7 July 2019 (UTC)

Actually, upon closer inspection, it seems that the WP:Plants guidelines are pretty clear on the subject: only common names in English should be listed on the English Wikipedia page. Thus, for consistency's sake, I'm re-removing the section, which I believe is extraneous as per the reasons noted above. Readers can go to the Hindi Wikipedia to see the plant's common name in Hindi, etc. Justin Kunimune (talk) 23:23, 30 July 2019 (UTC)

@120.63.25.127, please describe your reasoning for re-adding the names section here. Is "toor dal" commonly used to refer to pigeon peas in English? If not, then it's not relevant to this page, only to the Hindi page: https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2 Justin Kunimune (talk) 13:19, 3 August 2019 (UTC)

I've removed this section again. I hope the above IP editors have read WP:PLANTS#Common names and noted the emphasis placed on "used in English". Names in the removed section don't meet these guidelines. Also note the more general guidelines at WP:NOTDICTIONARY: indiscriminate lists of names or terms in other languages are not suitable content. As Justin Kunimune says, these names may be added to the respective Wikipedias of those languages, subject to their policies regarding suitable references etc. Declangi (talk) 04:01, 27 September 2019 (UTC)

In Australia, at least, split pigeon peas are commonly sold in Indian stores under the name of toor dal. (My chain supermarket has them too.) I am an Australian of European descent and have used toor dal for years, without knowing what pigeon peas are. Given how widespread Indian cuisine and Indian grocery stores are, let's at least include toor in the article. Not sure where, though (toor is now just mentioned briefly under dry method) --Chriswaterguy talk 07:20, 5 February 2020 (UTC)

Okay. If "toor" is commonly used in English, then it does deserve to be mentioned. I found [this English language source](http://www.geacindia.gov.in/resource-documents.aspx) mentioning "tur" and "read gram" as alternative vernacular names and added both to the lead with that citation. I couldn't find any source using the spelling "toor"; ideally that shouldn't be mentioned without one, but on the other hand it's just an alternate romanization of the same Hindi word, so it might be safe to have it uncited. Either way, I added a redirect from "toor" to this page ("Tur (bean)" also already redirects here).

Justin Kunimune (talk) 17:10, 5 February 2020 (UTC)

Yes, the word "Toor Dal" is very commonly used in English language sources. Infact it has an almost equal prevalence to the the word "Pigeon Pea" in the English language sources.

As on, 13th August "Toor Dal" resulted in 4,690,000 results while "Pigeon Pea" resulted in 4,930,000 results. See https://www.google.com/search?as_q=Toor+Dal&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=Wikipedia&as_nlo=&as_nhi=&lr=lang_en&cr=&as_qdr=all&as_sitesearch=&as_occt=any&as_filetype=&tbs=

and

https://www.google.com/search?q=Pigeon+Pea+-Wikipedia&lr=lang_en&sca_esv=03c2802def3a1699&as_qdr=all&tbs=lr%3Alang_1en&sxsrf=ADLYWIJzsIf58odXaiwpAkcwkXwt5CHKVw%3A1723489920788&ei=gF66Zr7bL4Ld2roP86G6iQg&ved=0ahUKEwi-m4KklPCHAxWCrlYBHfOQLoEQ4dUDCA8&uact=5&oq=Pigeon+Pea+-Wikipedia&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiFVBpZ2VvbiBQZWEgLVdpa2lwZWRpYUiqowFQoCFY43hwFXgAkAEBmAGtAaABmAWqAQMxLjS4AQPIAQD4AQGYAgOgAknCAgoQABiwAxjWBBhHmAMAiAYBkAYIkgcBM6AHpQY&sclient=gws-wiz-serp

I'm adding the word "Toor Dal" to the lead section. Please let me know you disagree with your reasoning. SriHarsha Bhogi (talk) 19:22, 12 August 2024 (UTC)

toor(Unix)

Should Toor (Unix) be added as a disambiguation? Wikitrumpets (talk) 00:51, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

Actually a pea or a lentil?

Are these actually a pea or a lentil, or is legume the best we can do here? Would be nice to clarify this point explicitly.

See the following:

• Split Pea or Lentil? How to tell the difference — 26 June 2017

Both split peas and lentils are from the legume family they, like beans, come from a different variety of legume.

Split peas are grown specifically for drying and they split naturally when dried and lentils are the seed of a plant that is dried.

The better word for all these is pulse.

A pulse is a dry legume that grows in a pod of one to 12 seeds.

It includes beans, lentils, and peas.

Although split peas belong to the same family as beans and lentils, they are usually distinguished as a separate group because of the ways in which they are prepared.

Peas are all round or spherical and lentils are flat and round, and beans are more oval and fuller in shape.

I've gone around the block enough with all the mind-numbing Hindi synonyms of various legume products to know that little is precisely as it first seems, so merely the presence of "pea" in the name is not good enough. — MaxEnt 22:23, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

Going off the definition used on other Wikipedia pages, it seems that "split pea" and "lentil" refer to specific species of legume, in the genuses Pisum and Lens, respectively. The pigeon pea is neither of these, being in the genus Cajanus. Justin Kunimune (talk) 22:36, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

I believe it may have acquired the common epithet pigeon pea because the seeds are prone to splitting and the outer skin is easily removed, as with typical green split peas, which are skinless when purchased by a consumer. To split a lentil would not be a process easily carried out by man or machine. Pigeion pea is not pisum, but it is a "pea" in the colloquial sense.--Quisqualis (talk) 23:44, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

Are the widely-available split red lentils not actually lentils then? (I call them widely available because in my area I can find them in nearly any "mainstream" store; however, many of my neighbours are Indian, so perhaps the lentils are less available elsewhere. TooManyFingers (talk) 03:24, 27 August 2021 (UTC)

Dehulling methods: confusing

The section on dehulling methods is very confusing because it starts by saying there are two methods, but when those methods are described, there seems to be nearly no difference between them. The wet method is wet; the dry method is ... also wet.

Is the section simply a big mistake? Or is it true but requiring a better explanation? TooManyFingers (talk) 03:34, 27 August 2021 (UTC)

Regional names - one more?

Several regional names are described, and that's good. But where are they in fact commonly called "pigeon peas"? TooManyFingers (talk) 04:13, 27 August 2021 (UTC)

Addings to Pests and Diseases, Nitrogen Fixation, Medicinal Use and Breeding

Hello, I’m a student from ETH Zurich. And I want to make some changes to the pigeon pea article. I want to add to the section about its medicinal use and breeding. As well as adding a section about "nitrogen fixation" and "pests and diseases".

Pests and diseases

[edit]

Pigeon pea is affected by a variety of pests and insects that can significantly impact crop yield and quality. The major pests include the gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera), which causes defoliation and pod damage; the blue butterfly (Lampides boeticus), which infests buds, flowers, and young pods; and the spotted pod borer (Maruca vitrata), known for webbing together infested pods and flowers . Current resistance efforts focus on breeding pigeon pea varieties with enhanced resistance to these pests. However, the presence of multiple pest species and the variability in pest pressure across regions pose challenges to achieving consistent resistance. Effective management techniques include integrated pest management (IPM) strategies such as crop rotation, intercropping with non-host plants, timely sowing, and the use of biological control agents like parasitoids and predators . Chemical control measures, including the application of insecticides like neem-based products and synthetic pyrethroids, are also employed when necessary .

Common Diseases of Pigeon Pea:

1.    Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium udum)

2.    Dry Root Rot (Macrophomina phaseolina)

3.    Alternaria Leaf Spot (Alternaria alternata)

4.    Powdery Mildew (Leveillula taurica)

5.    Sterility Mosaic Disease (Pigeon pea sterility mosaic virus)

6.    Yellow Mosaic Virus (Mungbean yellow mosaic virus)

1.    ^ Volp, Trevor M; Zalucki, Myron P; Furlong, Michael J (2024-04-02). "Pigeon pea crop stage strongly influences plant susceptibility to Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)". Journal of Economic Entomology. 117 (3): 973–981. doi:10.1093/jee/toae050. ISSN 0022-0493. PMC 11163456. PMID 38564410.

2.    ^ Jagadish, K. S.; Singh, Ranvir; Ghosh, Pritha; Domkak, Korrakot (2019), Kumar Chakravarthy, Akshay; Selvanarayanan, Venkatesan (eds.), "Screening Pigeon Pea, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., Against Major Insect Pests", Experimental Techniques in Host-Plant Resistance, Singapore: Springer, pp. 97–105, doi:10.1007/978-981-13-2652-3_12, ISBN 978-981-13-2652-3, retrieved 2024-11-10

3.    ^ academic.oup.com. doi:10.1093/jee/toae050. PMC 11163456. PMID 38564410 https://academic.oup.com/jee/article/117/3/973/7639345. Retrieved 2024-11-10. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

4.    ^ Keerthi, M. C.; Manjunatha, L.; Bhargavi, H. A.; Mahesha, H. S.; Puyam, Anita; Dasgupta, Debarshi (2022), Kole, Chittaranjan (ed.), "Development of Biotic-Stress Resistant Pigeonpea", Genomic Designing for Biotic Stress Resistant Pulse Crops, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 309–351, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91043-3_6, ISBN 978-3-030-91043-3, retrieved 2024-11-10

5.    ^ Manjunatha, Lakshamaiah; Ramappa, Honnaghatta Krishnappa; Puyam, Anita; Srinivasa, Nagappa (2021-12-01). "Pigeonpea Sterility Mosaic Virus: a threatening virus of pigeonpea, current scenario and its control". Indian Phytopathology. 74 (4): 885–891. doi:10.1007/s42360-021-00397-1. ISSN 2248-9800.

6.    ^ Keerthi, M. C.; Manjunatha, L.; Bhargavi, H. A.; Mahesha, H. S.; Puyam, Anita; Dasgupta, Debarshi (2022), Kole, Chittaranjan (ed.), "Development of Biotic-Stress Resistant Pigeonpea", Genomic Designing for Biotic Stress Resistant Pulse Crops, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 309–351, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91043-3_6, ISBN 978-3-030-91043-3, retrieved 2024-11-10

Nitrogen Fixation

[edit]

Legumes, which provide highly nutritious products and contribute to soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation, are one of the most important crops in mixed crop-livestock systems. Cajanus cajan is an important legume crop with a high N-fixation ability (79 % N derived from the atmosphere). Plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), together with strains of Rhizobium, can enhance growth and nitrogen fixation in pigeon pea by colonizing thenselves in the plant nodules. These bioinoculants can be added as a single species but also as combined communities. Using a single bioinoculant shows benefits, but mixed communitites of different bioinoculatns have a greater positive impact on nodulation, plant dry mass, as well as shoot and root length. These different community species have different functions for the pigeon pea:

Bioinoculant	Function
Azotobacter chroococcum	promotes plant growth as a biofertilizer
Bacillus megaterium	produces nematode-targeting antibiotics and potentially influencing cytokinin signaling and supports the nitrogen yield of the plant especially during flowering and maturity stages
Pseudomonas fluorescens	produces bioactive metabolites and siderophores that combat plant pathogens and supports the denitrification process
Trichoderma harzianum	promotes soil health by production of enzymes and secondary metabolites that enhibit harmful soilborne pathogens and nutrient cycling by promoting root development

1.    ^ Ramya, S.; Pandove, Gulab (2019-05-24). "Integrated nutrient management in cowpea with the application of microbial inoculants". LEGUME RESEARCH - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL (of). doi:10.18805/LR-4102. ISSN 0976-0571.

2.    ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Gupta, Rashi; Bru, David; Bisaria, Virendra Swarup; Philippot, Laurent; Sharma, Shilpi (2012-09). "Responses of Cajanus cajan and rhizospheric N-cycling communities to bioinoculants". Plant and Soil. 358 (1–2): 143–154. doi:10.1007/s11104-012-1293-5. ISSN 0032-079X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

3.    ^ Tilak, K. V. B. R.; Ranganayaki, N.; Manoharachari, C. (2006-02). "Synergistic effects of plant‐growth promoting rhizobacteria and Rhizobium on nodulation and nitrogen fixation by pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan )". European Journal of Soil Science. 57 (1): 67–71. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00771.x. ISSN 1351-0754. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

4.    ^ Jump up to:^{a b c} Gupta, Rashi; Bisaria, Virendra S.; Sharma, Shilpi (2016-07-01). "Response of rhizospheric bacterial communities of Cajanus cajan to application of bioinoculants and chemical fertilizers: A comparative study". European Journal of Soil Biology. 75: 107–114. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2016.02.008. ISSN 1164-5563.

5.    ^ Jump up to:^{a b c} Sharma, Richa; Shrivas, Vijay Laxmi; Sharma, Shilpi (2021-03-01). "Effect of substitution of chemical fertilizer by bioinoculants on plant performance and rhizospheric bacterial community: case study with Cajanus cajan". Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 52 (1): 373–386. doi:10.1007/s42770-020-00418-7. ISSN 1678-4405. PMC 7966636. PMID 33415718.

Medicinal Use

Pigeon pea has been valued for its medicinal properties since prehistoric times in various regions, including Africa, Egypt and Asia. Today, different countries use different parts of the plant to treat a range of diseases as an alternative medicine. In Nigeria, for example, the leaves are used to treat malaria, while in India they are used to treat diabetes, stomach tumours and wounds. In Oman, pigeon pea is used to treat chronic diseases, and in traditional Chinese medicine it is used to relieve pain and control intestinal worms. In Africa, the seeds are used to treat hepatitis and measles. The widespread traditional medicinal use of the plant is attributed to its rich content of phenolic compounds, which have antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycaemic effects. The leaves also contain flavonoids, terpenoids, essential oils and coumarin, which further enhance its therapeutic potential in the fight against disease. There are different studies looking at how the medicinal compounds of pigeon pea could be used in future. One study, using rats, found that a pigeonpea beverage could be used as an anti-diabetic functional drink. This drink would help to reduce plasma glucose and total cholesterol levels and increase plasma antioxidant status. Therefore, it could be used in future as an alternative strategy to maintain plasma glucose and cholesterol at normal levels and help prevent diabetes complications. Furthermore, pigeon pea could be used as a fermented food as this would increase its antioxidant levels and therefore, have an antiatherosclerotic effect. This would help to improve systolic blood pressure as well as diastolic blood pressure. This benefits cardiovascular health and could be developed as a new dietary supplement or functional food that prevents hypertension.

1.    ^ Abdulmajid Haji u. a., „Nutritional Composition, Bioactive Compounds, Food Applications, and Health Benefits of Pigeon Pea ( CAJANUS CAJAN L. Millsp.): A Review“, Legume Science 6, Nr. 2 (Juni 2024): e233, https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.233.

2.    ^ Ariviani, S, D R Affandi, E Listyaningsih, und S Handajani. „The potential of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) beverage as an anti-diabetic functional drink“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 102 (Januar 2018): 012054. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/102/1/012054

3.    ^ Lee, Bao-Hong, Yi-Syuan Lai, und She-Ching Wu. „Antioxidation, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition Activity, Nattokinase, and Antihypertension of Bacillus Subtilis (Natto)-Fermented Pigeon Pea“. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 23, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2015): 750–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2015.06.008.

Breeding

Pigeonpea is unique among legumes in that its flowers support both cross-pollination and self-pollination. The bright, nectar-rich flowers attract pollinating insects, allowing natural outcrossing, which averages about 20% but varies with location due to pollinator populations. This level of outcrossing can lead to genetic contamination of parental lines and complicate the selection of lines by reducing the homozygosity of progeny. To mitigate these effects, breeders use techniques such as enclosing flowers in muslin bags or nets to prevent insect pollination. However, natural outcrossing also results in genetically diverse landraces and requires two to three generations of selfing before parental lines can be used in hybridisation programmes .

Over 50 years of pigeonpea breeding has resulted in genetic improvements, disease-resistant varieties, a reduction in crop maturity from 300 to less than 90 days, and the introduction of the first legume hybrid technology, which has increased yields by 30-50%. Despite these advances, yield per unit area has remained stable, with improved stability and diversification for farmers .

Bulschke (talk) 22:59, 1 December 2024 (UTC)