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Emil Constantinescu

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Emil Constantinescu
Constantinescu in 1998
President of Romania
In office
29 November 1996 – 20 December 2000
Prime MinisterNicolae Văcăroiu
Preceded byIon Iliescu
Succeeded byIon Iliescu
Leader of the Romanian Democratic Convention
In office
November 1992 – 29 November 1996
Preceded byCorneliu Coposu
Personal details
Born (1939-11-19) 19 November 1939 (age 84)
Tighina, Ținutul Nistru, Kingdom of Romania (present day de jure Tighina, Republic of Moldova, de facto Bender, Transnistrian Moldovan Republic)
Political partyNational Liberal Party (2008–present)
Other political
affiliations
Romanian Communist Party (1965–1989)
Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (1990–1996)
Independent (1996–2000; PNȚ-CD membership suspended while president)
People's Action (2001–2008)
SpouseNadia Ileana Constantinescu
ChildrenDragoș
Norina Boru
ProfessionProfessor of Geology
ReligionEastern Orthodox
Signature

Emil Constantinescu (Romanian pronunciation: [eˈmil konstantiˈnesku] ; born 19 November 1939) is a Romanian professor and politician, who served as the President of Romania, from 1996 to 2000.

After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Constantinescu became a founding member and vice president of the Civic Alliance (AC). In addition, he also served as the acting president of the Democratic Romanian Anti-Totalitarian Forum, the first associative structure of the democratic opposition in post-1989 Romania, which was later transformed into a centre-right political and electoral alliance known as the Romanian Democratic Convention (CDR).[1] He had also subsequently presided the People's Action (AP) party from the early 2000s until it merged into the National Liberal Party (PNL) in 2008. Nowadays, Constantinescu remains involved in Romanian politics solely to a limited extent.

Early life and education

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Emil Constantinescu was born on November 19, 1939, in Tighina, Ținutul Nistru, Kingdom of Romania, which today is named Bender and de facto part of Transnistria. His mother, Maria Georgeta Colceag, was born in Ploiești on April 24, 1916, and, after graduating from high school, was a student at the Bucharest Conservatory in the harp class, but gave up her career in music to follow her husband, Ion Constantinescu. He was originally from Oltenia, he had 8 brothers, and after becoming an agronomist engineer, he was assigned to Bessarabia. The Constantinescu family took refuge in 1943 in Brădetu village, Argeș County where Emil Constantinescu spent his childhood. His sister, Marina, was born in 1942, and in 1946, his brother, Cristian, was born.

In the period 1953–1956 Emil Constantinescu was a student of the "Nicolae Bălcescu" High School in Pitești (currently Colegiu IC Bratianu) and obtained his Matriculation Diploma on July 19, 1956, in the same year he enrolled at the Faculty of Law of the University Bucharest. He obtained a Diploma in Legal Sciences in 1960 and after completing his military internship in Piatra Neamț, he began his work as a trainee judge at the Pitesti Regional Court, economic section. The political climate causes him to give up this position and become a student at the Faculty of Geology – Geography, between 1961 and 1966. He holds a PhD in Geology from the University of Bucharest and a Doctor of Sciences from Duke University, US. In 1963, he married Nadia Ileana, a lawyer, who was his colleague at the Faculty of Law in Bucharest. His father died in 1991 and his mother died at Elias Hospital on November 25, 2011.

Professional career

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He went through all stages of his university career as an assistant and lecturer at the Faculty of Geology (1966–1990). Since 1991 onwards, he is a professor of Mineralogy at the University of Bucharest. He was also a visiting professor at Duke University in the United States between 1991 and 1992. He was elected vice-rector (1990–1992) and rector (1992–1996) of the University of Bucharest; president of the National Council of Rectors from Romania (1992–1996); member of the Permanent Committee of the Association of European Universities – CRE (1992–1993; 1994–1998); member of the International Association of University Presidents – IAUP (1994–1996).

He is the author of 12 books and over 60 studies in the field of geology, published in prestigious scientific journals in the country and abroad. He is also Honorary Member and Elected Member of the Geological and Mineralogical Societies of the United Kingdom, Germany, US, Greece, and Japan; of the Geographical Society of France and the National Geographic Society of the USA.

He gave lectures at the Universities of Tübingen, Oxford, Stanford, Harvard, Berkeley, Columbia – New York, Georgetown – Washington, Indiana – Bloomington, Rio de Janeiro, Sydney, Prague, Turku, Cairo, Lublin. He was awarded the Romanian Academy Award for scientific contributions in the field of geology (1980); Palmas Academicas, awarded by the Brazilian Academy of Letters, Rio de Janeiro (2000); gold and honorary medals of the Comenius University in Bratislava; Charles University in Prague and University of São Paulo; Arthur Bertrand Medal, awarded by the Academy of Sciences, Institut de France; medals awarded by the National Institute of Sciences and Arts of France, the University of Paris–Sorbonne and the University of Amsterdam.

Political activity (1990–1996)

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After the fall of the communist dictatorship, he engaged along with other university colleagues and renowned Romanian intellectuals in the effort to re-democratize Romania, in the defense of fundamental human rights and freedoms as well as in the establishment of the civil society. He was one of the personalities who protested against the anti-democratic actions of the new authorities during a 42-day rally, between April and May 1990, in Bucharest's University Square.

Emil Constantinescu with the U.S. Secretary of Defense William Cohen in an official visit at The Pentagon in the United States in July 1998

After the bloody violence committed by the miners who, at the call of the then president Ion Iliescu, invaded Bucharest in June 1990, he founded, together with his colleagues, professors, and students, the association Solidaritatea Universitară (i.e. Academic Solidarity).

He was also a founding member and vice-president of the Civic Alliance (1990), the most important non-governmental organization in the country, and president of the Civic Academy. These associations joined the opposition democratic parties and together formed the Romanian Democratic Convention (or CDR for short) in 1991. At the proposal of the Academic Solidarity, supported by the Civic Alliance (PAC), Emil Constantinescu was designated the CDR candidate in the presidential elections of 1992. He entered the second round and obtained 38% of the votes in the confrontation with then incumbent president Ion Iliescu who was supported by the Democratic National Salvation Front (FDSN). After this first important political experience, the CDR elected, in 1992, its president and sole candidate for the presidential elections of 1996 (which was represented by Constantinescu). He continued to act to strengthen the democratic opposition throughout this period of time from 1992 until 1996, alongside other notable CDR political leaders.

Presidency (1996–2000)

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Emil Constantinescu and Bill Clinton in Bucharest during the American President's 1997 visit to the Romanian capital in which Clinton declared Romania "free of communism".

In 1996, he competed once again for the presidency as the CDR's candidate and managed to defeat Iliescu in the second round, securing a victory by a margin of roughly 10%. CDR's success in the 1996 general election marked the first peaceful transition of power in post-1989 Romania. On the day he took office, he suspended his membership from the PNȚ-CD, as the Constitution precludes a president holding formal membership of a political party during his term(s).

Throughout his sole four-year term, Constantinescu struggled with the ineffective implementation of the processes of privatization, which, bogged down by excessive bureaucracy, increased unemployment and poverty in the short term. After another two Mineriads which took place in 1999 (one in January and the other in February), culminating with the arrest of Miron Cozma, the remainder of his term suffered a political crisis between the majority parties that, at the time, formed the governing coalition (i.e. CDR, PD, PSDR, and UDMR/RMDSZ). The country was further damaged by a drought in 2000. At the end of his term in 2000, he decided not to run for re-election, stating that the system had defeated him.

One of the last gestures made as president of Romania was the pardon of Ion Coman, the one who had led the repression of the 1989 revolution in Timișoara.[citation needed]

Post-presidency

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Emil Constantinescu in a meeting with Taiwanese President Chen Shui-bian in 2008

Constantinescu's presidency along with CDR's governance were marred by an economic recession. Despite this, his presidency has been eventually credited with putting an end to the Mineriads, a reform of the banking system as well as with the attraction of the first major foreign investments in Romania after 1989. With dashed expectations of an immediate improvement in daily life, Romanians exhibited strong disillusionment with the major parties and politicians of the CDR at the end of the 1996–2000 legislature, with the Greater Romania Party (PRM) subsequently gaining the second place in the 2000 legislative election.

A disenchanted Emil Constantinescu, who lost popularity and had failed to fulfil his reformist agenda announced on 17 July 2000 that he would not run for a second term.[2] He temporarily withdrew from political life at the end of his term in November 2000. Constantinescu's direction in foreign affairs continued however after the comeback of Ion Iliescu in 2000. Eventually, Romania joined NATO in 2004 and the European Union (EU) three years later, in 2007, alongside Bulgaria.

Emil Constantinescu at the Gaudeamus Book Fair in 2013

The former president returned to the political scene in 2002 as head of the People's Action (AP; Acţiunea Populară) party, which subsequently merged within the National Liberal Party (PNL) in 2008.[3]

Constantinescu had occasionally criticized the policies of the 2004–2014 president, Traian Băsescu, accusing him of authoritarian tendencies,[4] and supported Crin Antonescu in the first round of the 2009 presidential elections.[5]

Nowadays, he still remains heavily involved in politics through working for many NGOs, both in Romania and internationally. Emil Constantinescu is the current president of the Association of Citizenship Education, of the Romanian Foundation for Democracy[6] and also the founding president of the Institute for Regional Cooperation and Conflict Prevention (INCOR).[7]

A frequent speaker at the Oslo Freedom Forum, in 2010 he presented the OFF with a presidential medal.[8] He is also a member of the international advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation.[9]

Honours and awards

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National honours

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Foreign honours

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Electoral history

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Presidential elections

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Election Affiliation First round Second round
Votes Percentage Position Votes Percentage Position
1992 CDR 3,717,006
31.1%
 2nd  4,641,207
38.6%
 2nd 
1996 CDR 3,569,941
28.2%
 2nd  7,057,906
54.4%
 1st 
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References

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  1. ^ Rafto.no. "Doina Cornea". Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  2. ^ "Declarație Emil Constantinescu". YouTube (in Romanian). July 2000. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  3. ^ "Acțiunea Populară acceptă fuziunea cu PNL". HotNews.ro (in Romanian). 12 March 2008.
  4. ^ "Emil Constantinescu: Discursurile lui Băsescu sunt asemănătoare celor ale foștilor lideri totalitariști". Realitatea.net. 25 September 2009.
  5. ^ "Emil, apel către intelectuali: Asumați-vă eșecul moral și lepădați-vă de răul absolut care este Băsescu!". 23 April 2012.
  6. ^ "FUNDAŢIA ROMÂNĂ PENTRU DEMOCRAŢIE | Construim societatea civilă și cultura democrației din 1992".
  7. ^ "Emil Constantinescu". East West Institute. Archived from the original on 23 August 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  8. ^ "Oslo Freedom Forum". Archived from the original on 9 June 2010.
  9. ^ "Emil Constantinescu".
  10. ^ "Iliescu si Constantinescu au primit Emblema de Onoare a Armatei" (in Romanian). Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  11. ^ Aufstellung aller durch den Bundespräsidenten verliehenen Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich ab 1952 (PDF)
  12. ^ "Odluka o odlikovanju Njegove Ekscelencije dr. Emila Constantinescua". Narodne novine (in Croatian). 16 June 2000. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
  13. ^ "Modtagere af danske dekorationer". kongehuset.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  14. ^ "Condecorados: Orden El Sol del Perú" (PDF) (in Spanish). Lima, Peru: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
  15. ^ "Cidadãos Estrangeiros Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas". Presidência da República Portuguesa. Retrieved 10 April 2016. Resultado da busca de "Emil Constantinescu".
  16. ^ "State Honours". Slovak-Republic.org. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  17. ^ "Dostluk İlişkilerine Katkının Altın Sembolü: Devlet ve Cumhuriyet Nişanları (Turkish) – The Gold Symbol Contribution of Friendly Relations : State and Republic Orders". Haberler.com. February 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  18. ^ "Про нагородження орденом князя Ярослава Мудрого". Retrieved 13 November 2021. Decree 1317/2000

Bibliography

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  • Ion Alexandrescu, Stan Stoica, România după 1989. Mică enciclopedie, Editura Meronia, București, 2005
  • Tom Gallagher, Furtul unei națiuni. România de la communism încoace, Editura Humanitas, București, 2004
  • Dan Pavel, Iulia Huia, "Nu putem reuși decît împreună." O istorie analitică a Convenției Democratice, 1989–2000, Editura Polirom, Iași, 2003